Mapping Early American Elections


Bibliography

Mapping Early American Elections project team (2019)

“The Gerry-Mander, or Essex South District Formed Into a Monster!” (April 2, 1813) by Elkanah Tisdale in Salem Gazette, Salem, MA (Cornell University Library). In 1812, the Massachusetts legislature, dominated by Democratic-Republicans, attempted to minimize the election of Federalists to the state’s upper house by drawing an election district whose convoluted shape resembled, at least to some, a salamander. Outraged Federalists labeled the misshapen district a “gerrymander”—a term that combined Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry’s last name with the final syllables of “salamander.” Although this was not the first time a legislature attempted to influence the outcome of an election by manipulating electoral boundaries, it is the first time the process acquired a name. The term stuck, and remains in use to the present.

Banner, James M. To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815. New York: Knopf, 1970.

Brooke, John L. Columbia Rising: Civil Life on the Upper Hudson from the Revolution to the Age of Jackson. Reprint edition. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2013.

———. “‘King George Has Issued Too Many Pattents for Us’: Property and Democracy in Jeffersonian New York.” Journal of the Early Republic 33, no. 2 (2013): 187–217. https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2013.0037.

———. The Heart of the Commonwealth: Society and Political Culture in Worcester County, Massachusetts 1713–1861. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Broussard, James H. The Southern Federalists, 1800–1816. Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1999.

Burnham, Walter Dean. Critical Elections: And the Mainsprings of American Politics. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1971.

———. Democracy in the Making: American Government and Politics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1986.

Carson, Jamie, Joel Sievert, and Ryan Williamson. “Assessing the Rise and Development of the Incumbency Advantage in Congress.” Congressional Representation and History Conference, Vanderbilt University, May 22–23, 2015.

Den Hartog, Jonathan J. Patriotism and Piety: Federalist Politics and Religious Struggle in the New American Nation. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2014.

Dinkin, Robert J. Voting in Revolutionary America: A Study of Elections in the Original Thirteen States, 1776–1789. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982.

———. Voting in Provincial America: A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies, 1689–1776. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982.

Dubin, Michael J. Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures: A Year by Year Summary, 1796–2006. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2007.

———. United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1996: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through the 105th Congresses. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1998.

———. United States Gubernatorial Elections, 1776–1860: The Official Results by State and County. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2011.

———. United States Presidential Elections, 1788–1860: The Official Results by County and State. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2011.

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Erickson, Stephen C. “The entrenching of Incumbency: Reflections in the US House of Representatives, 1790–1994.” Cato 14, no. 3 (Winter 1995): 397–420.

Fischer, David Hackett. Revolution of American Conservatism: Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.

Formisano, Ronald P. The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.

———. “Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic’s Political Culture, 1789–1840.” American Political Science Review 68 (June 1974): 473–487.

Gilmore, William J. Reading Becomes a Necessity of Life: Material and Cultural Life in Rural New England, 1780–1835. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989.

Glashan, Roy R. American Governors and Gubernatorial Elections, 1775-1978. Westport, CT: Meckler Books, 1979.

Hofstadter, Richard. The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970.

Huston, Reeve. “Rethinking the Origins of Partisan Democracy in the United States, 1795–1840.” In Practicing Democracy: Popular Politics in the United States from the Constitution to the Civil War, edited by Daniel Peart and Adam I. P. Smith, 46–71. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2015.

Jordan, Daniel. Political Leadership in Jefferson’s Virginia. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1988.

Keyssar, Alexander. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. New York: Basic Books, 2009.

Klinghoffer, Judith Apter and Lois Elkis. “‘The Petticoat Electors’: Women’s Suffrage in New Jersey, 1776–1807.” Journal of the Early Republic 12 (Summer 1992): 159–193.

Kromkowski, Charles A. Recreating the American Republic: Rules of Apportionment, Constitutional Change, and American Political Development, 1700–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Kruman, Marc W. Between Authority and Liberty: State Constitution-Making in Revolutionary America. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1999.

Lampi, Philip J. “The Federalist Party Resurgence, 1808–1816: Evidence from the New Nation Votes Database.” Journal of the Early Republic 33, no. 2 (2013): 255–81. https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2013.0029.

Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789–1989. New York: Prentice Hall, 1989.

McCormick, Richard P. The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.

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———. “*The Tyranny of Printers“: Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic*. Charlottesville; London: University of Virginia Press, 2002.

Pasley, Jeffrey L., and Andrew W. Robertson. Beyond the Founders: New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic. Edited by David Waldstreicher. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2004.

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———. “An ‘Era of No Feelings’? Rethinking the Relationship between Political Parties and Popular Participation in the Early United States.” In Practicing Democracy: Popular Politics in the United States from the Constitution to the Civil War, edited by Daniel Peart and Adam I. P. Smith, 123–144. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2015.

Peart, Daniel and Adam I. P. Smith, ed. Practicing Democracy: Popular Politics in the United States from the Constitution to the Civil War, Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2015.

Pole, J.R. “Historians and the Problem of Early American Democracy.” American Historical Review 67 (1967): 626–646.

———. Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic. London: Macmillan, 1966.

Ratcliffe, Donald. “The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828.” Journal of the Early Republic 33, no. 2 (2013): 219–54. https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2013.0033.

———. Party Spirit in a Frontier Republic: Democratic Politics in Ohio, 1793–1821. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998.

Riordan, Liam. Many Identities, One Nation: The Revolution and Its Legacy in the Mid-Atlantic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.

Risjord, Norman. Chesapeake Politics, 1781–1800. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978.

Robertson, Andrew W. “Afterword: Reconceptualizing Jeffersonian Democracy.” Journal of the Early Republic 33, no. 2 (2013): 317–34. https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2013.0023.

———. The Language of Democracy: Political Rhetoric in the United States and Britain, 1790–1900. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005.

———. “Jeffersonian Parties, Politics, and Participation: The Tortuous Trajectory of American Democracy.” In Practicing Democracy: Popular Politics in the United States from the Constitution to the Civil War, edited by Daniel Peart and Adam I. P. Smith, 99–122. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2015.

Rakove, Jack. “The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George Washington.” In Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity, edited by Richard R. Beeman, Stephen Botein, and Edward C. Carter II, 261–294. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987.

Roth, Randolph A. The Democratic Dilemma: Religion, Reform, and the Social Order in the Connecticut River Valley of Vermont, 1791–1850. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Shade, William G. Democratizing the Old Dominion: Virginia and the Second Party System, 1824–1861. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996.

Shankman, Andrew. Crucible of American Democracy: The Struggle to Fuse Egalitarianism and Capitalism in Jeffersonian Pennsylvania. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2004.

Sloat, Caroline F. “A New Nation Votes and the Study of American Politics, 1789–1824.” Journal of the Early Republic 33, no. 2 (2013): 183–86. https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2013.0042.

Williamson, Chilton. American Suffrage from Property to Democracy, 1760–1800. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960.

Young, James Sterling. The Washington Community, 1800–1828. New York: Columbia University Press, 1966.

Zagarri, Rosemarie. “The Family Factor: Congressmen, Turnover, and the Burden of Public Service in the Early American Republic.” Journal of the Early Republic 33, no. 2 (2013): 283–316. https://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2013.0026.

———. The Politics of Size: Representation in the United States, 1776–1850. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988.


Mapping Early American Elections is generously funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities and developed by the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media at George Mason University.

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